Chronology

21 March 1618	Protestants Ordered to Disperse King Matthias orders the Protestant assembly to dissolve
18 May 1618	Protestants Assemble The Protestant Bohemians assemble at Prague in defiance of royal command
22 May 1618	Protestants Decide to Act The radical Bohemian Protestants meet secretly and decide to act against the Habsburg regents
23 May 1618	Defenestration of Prague Protestant rebels throw Habsburg officials from the window of the Castle Hradshin
24 May 1618	Apologia Published Protestant rebels published the Apologia, justifying the Defenstration
25 May 1618	Bohemian Government Organized The Protestant rebels organize a committee to govern Bohemia
26 June 1618	Moravian Estates Meet The Moravian Estates assemble in response to the Bohemian rebellion
3 July 1618	Silesian Estates Meet The Silesian Estates assemble at Breslau in response to the Bohemian revolt
20 July 1618	Khlesl Arrested Cardinal Khlesl, advisor to Emperor Matthias, is arrested by Ferdinand
1 October 1618	Silesians Despatch Troops The Silesians estates despatch troops to aid the Bohemians
21 November 1618	Mansfeldt Takes Pilsen The Bohemian army under Mansfeldt takes the city of Pilsen, which had remained loyal to the Habsburgs
25 November 1618	Mansfeldt Enters Austria The Bohemian army under Mansfeldt crosses the Austrian border
4 December 1618	Moravian Estates Meet The Moravian Estates assemble to consider joining the Bohemian rebellion
20 March 1619	Matthias Dies Holy Roman Emperor Matthias dies of natural causes at Vienna
5 June 1619	Ferdinand Menaced With Vienna beseiged, pro-rebel nobles menace Ferdinand in his own throneroom
10 June 1619	Battle of Zablati Mansfeldt and the Bohemian rebels are defeated by the Habsburgs at Zablati
14 June 1619	Vienna Siege Lifted Thurn and the Bohemian rebels lift the siege of Vienna
15 June 1619	Hohenloe Retreats In the wake of Zablati, Hohenloe raises the siege of Budweis and retreats
8 July 1619	Bohemian Estates Meet The Bohemian Estates meet at Prague, attended by representatives of Lusatia, Silesia and Moravia
11 July 1619	Ferdinand Leaves Vienna Ferdinand leaves Viennna for the Electoral Congress at Frankfurt
28 July 1619	Electoral Congress Convenes The Electors convene to elect the successor to the late Emperor Matthias
28 July 1619	Ferdinand Arrives in Frankfurt Ferdinand arrives at the Electoral Congress in Frankfurt
31 July 1619	Act of Confederation The Bohemians, Lusatians, Silesians and Moravians ally under the Act of Confederation
19 August 1619	Ferdinand Deposed The Bohemian, Moravian, Silesian and Lusatian Estates depose Ferdinand
26 August 1619	Frederick Offered Crown The Elector Palatine is offered the crown of Bohemia
28 August 1619	Imperial Election Ferdinand is elected Holy Roman Emperor
5 September 1619	Bethlen Takes Kaschau Bethlen Gabor and his Transylvanians take Kaschau
12 September 1619	Protestant Union Meets The Protestant Union assembles at Rothenburg
25 September 1619	Frederick Accepts Throne Frederick, Elector Palatine, decides to accept the Bohemian throne
29 September 1619	Bucquoy Retreats The Imperial Army marches south to Austria to deal with the Transylvanian threat in their rear
8 October 1619	Treaty of Munich Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and the Emperor ally
12 October 1619	Bethlen Enters Pressburg The Transylvanian army under Bethlen Gabor enters Pressburg (Bratislava)
24 October 1619	Battle of Ulmkirchen The Habsburg and Bohemian armies clash at Ulmkirchen, Austria
25 October 1619	Bucquoi Crosses the Danube The Habsburg army under Bucquoi crosses the Danube to take up defensive positions around Viennea
4 November 1619	Frederick Crowned Frederick V, Elector Palatine, is formally crowned King of Bohemia
21 November 1619	Bohemians Enter Hungary The Bohemian army crosses into Hungary to join forces with Bethlen
5 December 1619	Bethlen Retreats Bethlen and the Bohemian army lift the siege of Vienna and retreat toward Pressburg (Bratislava)
12 January 1620	Spain Increases Subsidy Spain agrees to provide Emperor Ferdinand II with additional troops
15 January 1620	Bethlen Elected Prince Bethlen Gabor is elected Prince of Hungary
16 January 1620	Bethlen Makes Peace Bethlen Gabor and the Habsburgs make peace on terms favorable to Bethlen
11 March 1620	The Mulhausen Guaranty At its meeting at Mulhausen (Mulhouse), the Catholic League agrees that it will not seek to desecularize bishoprics in the Lower Saxon Circle
30 April 1620	Emperor Orders Frederick from Bohemia The Emperor issues a mandate requiring Frederick V to depart Bohemia
3 July 1620	Treaty of Ulm The Catholic League and the Protestant Union enter into the Treaty of Ulm pledging not to battle each other within the Empire
20 July 1620	Tilly Enters Austria The Catholic League army under Tilly enters Upper Austria
4 August 1620	Tilly Takes Linz The Catholic League army takes Linz
5 September 1620	Spinola Crosses the Rhine The Spanish army under Spinola crosses the Rhine into the Palatinate
8 September 1620	Tilly Enters Lower Austria A Catholic League army under Tilly crosses into Lower Austria
10 September 1620	Spinola Takes Kreuznach The Spanish army under Spinola takes Kreuznach in the Palatinate
14 September 1620	Spinola Takes Oppenheim The Spanish army under Spinola takes Oppenheim in the Palatinate
20 September 1620	Tilly Enters Bohemia A Catholic League and Imperial armies under Tilly cross into Bohemia
5 October 1620	Imperials Bypass Pilsen The Imperial army bypasses Pilsen and strikes for Prague
5 October 1620	Saxons Take Bautzen The Saxons take Bautzen
5 November 1620	Imperials Strike for Prague The Imperial army elude the Bohemian blocking force at Rokycany and march on Prague
8 November 1620	Battle of White Mountain Tilly destroys the Bohemian rebels outside Prague
13 November 1620	Bohemians Tender Homage The Bohemian rebellion ends as the estates tender homage to the Emperor
5 December 1620	Catholic League Convenes The Catholic League meets at Wurzburg
10 December 1620	Moravians Capitulate The Moravians return to obedience to Ferdinand II
21 January 1621	Frederick Placed Under the Bank Emperor Ferdinand II places Frederick Elector Palatine under the Imperial Ban
7 February 1621	Protestant Union Meets The Protestant Union meets at Heilbronn
12 April 1621	The Armistice of Mainz The Protestant Union formally agrees to abandon the defense of the lands of the Winter King
25 October 1621	Mansfeldt Relieves Frankenthal Mansfeldt arrives in the Lower Palatinate, lifting the Spanish siege of Frankenthal
6 May 1622	Battle of Wimpfen George of Baden-Durlach is defeated at Wimpfen by the armies of the Emperor and Catholic League
22 June 1622	Battle of Hochst Christian of Halberstadt is defeated by Tilly and Cordova
26 April 1624	RIchelieu Assumes Power Cardinal Richelieu is appointed to the French Council of State
15 July 1625	Tilly Enters Lower Saxony The Imperial Army under Tilly invades the Lower Saxon Circle
25 April 1626	Battle of Dessau Bridge Mansfeldt's Danish army defeated by Wallenstein at Dessay
26 June 1626	Halberstadt Dies Christian, the Mad Halberstadter dies of fever
5 August 1626	Tilly Takes Gottingen The Catholic League army drives the Danes from Gottingen
8 August 1626	Wallenstein Pursues The Imperial army leaves Zerbst in pursuit of Mansfeldt
27 August 1626	Battle of Lutter-am-Bamberg Tilly crushingly defeats the Danes at Lutter-am-Bamberg
29 November 1626	Mansfeldt Dies Protestant condottieri Mansfeldt dies
28 December 1626	Treaty of Pressburg Bethlena and the Emperor make peace yet again
31 May 1627	TIlly Takes Lauenberg The Imperial Army under Tilly enters the city of Lauenberg
18 September 1627	Danes Defeated at Grossenbrode The last Danish field army annihilated at Grossenbrode
10 November 1627	Capitulation of Franzburg Bogislav XIV of Pomerania consents to Imperial garrisons in Stralsund
14 December 1627	Wolfenbuttel Taken Wallenstein takes Wolfenbuttel from the Danes
4 February 1628	Wallenstein Occupies the Island of Danholm Wallenstein, while negotiating with the City of Stralsund, occupies the island of Danholm in the city's harbor
5 April 1628	Danholm Island Surrenders Wallensteins forces stranded on Danholm Island in Stralsund harbor surrender to the Stralsunders
13 May 1628	Stralsund Beseiged Wallensteins army commences the siege of Stralsund
23 June 1628	Swedes Reinforce Stralsund The Swedes garrison Stralsund against impending Imperial siege
28 June 1628	Final Assault on Stralsund The Imperials make a final failed assault on Stralsund
3 August 1628	Danes Take Wolgast Christian IV having landed near Usedom, takes the city of Wolgast
12 August 1628	Battle of Wolgast The Imperial army meets and destroys the invaidng Danes near Wolgast
22 May 1629	Treaty of Lubeck The Danes and the Emperor make peace in the Treaty of Lubeck
14 September 1629	Peace of Altmark The Swedes and Poles make peace
26 June 1630	Swedes Off Peenemunde The Swedish fleet and invading army arrive off the German coast
10 July 1630	Suedo-Pomeranian Alliance The Swedish Army compels the Pomeranians into alliance
1 August 1630	Magdeburg Allies with Sweden The city of Magdeburg rebels against the Edict of Restitution and allies with Sweden
13 August 1630	Wallenstein Removed Pressured by the Electors, the Emperor removes Wallenstein from command of the Imperial army
13 October 1630	Peace of Regensburg French ambassadors, concerned by reverses in Italy, agree to a treaty to end the War of Mantuan Succssion
29 October 1630	Gustavus Despatches Madgeburg Garrison Gustavus Adolphus sends a garrison to Madgeburg
12 November 1630	Regensburg Diet Closes The meeting of the Electors at Regensburg is ended
24 December 1630	Swedes Take Greifenhagan Gustavus and the Swedes take Greifenhagen
25 December 1630	Imperials Retreat Schaumberg and the Imperial army retreat from Greifenhagen
13 January 1631	Franco-Swedish Treaty The French and Swedes enter into the Treaty of Barwalde
20 May 1631	Magdeburg Falls Magdeburg falls to Tilly and is destroyed in the ensuing sack
30 May 1631	Treaty of Fontainbleu France and Bavaria enter into a secret defensive pact
19 June 1631	Brandenburg and Sweden Ally Menaced by the Swedish army, Brandenburg is force into a Swedish alliance
19 June 1631	Peace of Cherasco The War of the Mantuan Succession is ended
30 August 1631	Suedo-Saxon Alliance Under threat of Imperial invasion, Saxony determines to ally with Sweden
15 April 1632	Battle of Rain The Swedes defeat Tilly's Catholic League army at Rain
30 April 1632	Tilly Dies General Tilly dies at Ingoldstadt Bavaria of wounds received in the battle of Rain
31 August 1632	Assault on the Alte Veste Gustavus sends the Swedes against the Imperial entrenchments at the Alte Veste
18 September 1632	Swedes Leave Nuremberg Gustavus and the Swedes march away from Nuremberg
21 September 1632	Wallenstein Leaves Nuremberg Wallenstein and the Imperials march away from Nuremberg
15 November 1632	Battle of Lutzen Gustavus is killed in a drawn battle against Wallenstein
23 April 1633	League of Heilbronn The League of Heilbronn between the Protestant princes and Sweden is signed
13 November 1633	Bernard Takes Regensburg The Swedish army under Saxe-Weimar takes the city of Regensburg
18 November 1633	Wallenstein Moves to Defend Regensburg Wallenstein and the Imperial army belatedly move to defend Regensburg
12 January 1634	Wallenstein Rebels Wallenstein demands his colonels swear an oath of loyalty to him rather than the Emperor
24 January 1634	Wallenstein Secretly Removed Emperor Ferdinand II issues a secret order removing Wallenstein as Imperial generalissimo
13 February 1634	Gallas Flees Wallenstein's Camp General Gallas flees Wallenstein's camp, deserting to the Imperial standard
17 February 1634	Piccolomini Flees Wallenstein's Camp General Piccolomini deserts Wallenstein for the Imperial side
18 February 1634	Wallenstein Publicly Demoted Ferdinand II publishes the order removing Wallenstein as generalissimo
25 February 1634	Wallenstein Killed Wallenstein is slaughtered by his garrison at Eger (Cheb)
23 April 1634	Brandenburg Demands Pomerania The Elector of Brandenburg demands the Swedes evacuate Pomerania and give its lands to him
22 July 1634	Imperials Take Regensburg The King of Hungary and Aldringen take Regensburg
23 August 1634	Swedes at Nordlingen The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar and Horn arrive near Nordlingen
3 September 1634	Spaniards Arrive at Nordlingen The Imperial army at Nordlingen is reinforced by the Spaniards
5 September 1634	Initial Assault at Nordlingen The Swedes make initial attacks on the Imperial entrenchments
6 September 1634	Battle of Nordlingen The Imperial army crushes the Swedes at Nordlingen
9 September 1634	Bernard and the Rhingrave Join The Swedish army under Bernard, shattered at Nordlingen, joins reinforcements under Rhinegrave Otto
15 September 1634	Goppingen Taken The victorious Imperial army takes Goppingen
16 September 1634	Heilbronn Taken The victorious Imperial army takes Heilbronn
18 September 1634	Rothenburg Taken The victorious Spanish army takes Rothenburg
20 September 1634	Stuttgart Taken The victorious Imperial army takes Stuttgart
30 September 1634	Aschaffenburg Taken The victorious Spanish army takes Aschaffenburg
9 October 1634	Alsatians Consent to Occupation Colmar and the other Alsatian cities agree to admit French garrissons
15 October 1634	Spaniards Take Schweinfurt The Spanish army takes Schweinfurt
1 November 1634	Treaty of Paris The French, Swedes and Heibronn League negotiate this treaty, which the Swedes refuse to ratify
24 November 1634	Preliminaries of Pirna The Emperor and Saxony agree on preliminary peace terms
24 January 1635	Phillipsburg Taken Capitalizing on their victory at Nordiingen, the Imperial Army takes Phillipsburg
2 February 1635	Imperials Take Speier The victorious Imperial Armies take the city of Speier
22 February 1635	French Flee Across the Rhine The victorious Imperial armies drive the French armies to the left bank of the Rhine
2 April 1635	Pirna Talks Reopen Treaty negotiations between Saxony and the Emperor, moved from Pirna, reopen at Prague
19 April 1635	Treaty of Compeignes The French and Swedes enter into a renewal of their alliance; this treary replaced the unratified Treaty of Paris
25 May 1635	France Declares War The French formally declare war on Spain
30 May 1635	Treaty of Prague Saxon and Imperial ambassadors agree the terms of the Treaty of Prague
15 June 1635	Peace of Prague Ratified The peace treaty between Saxony and the Emperor is ratified
16 June 1635	Hanau Relieved Bernard of Saxe-Weimar temporarily
27 July 1635	Bernard and La Valette Join Forces Bernard of Saxe-Weimar joins with the French army under La Valette
8 August 1635	Mainz Relieved Bernard of Saxe-Weimar and the French lift the Imperial siege of Mainz
16 October 1635	Saxons Declare War The Saxons, newly allied with the Emperor, declare war on their erstwhile Swedish allies
19 November 1635	Bernard Enters French Service Bernard of Saxe-Weimar and his army enter French service
7 December 1635	Battle at Goldberg Swedes beat back a Saxon probing attack
17 December 1635	Battle at Kyritz Swedes beat back a Saxon probing attack
15 February 1636	Ferdinand II Dies Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dies of natural causes at Vienna
20 March 1636	Treaty of Wismar The French and Swedes enter into the Treaty of Wismar, renewing their alliance
6 October 1636	Battle of Wittstock The Swedes inflict a crushing defeat on the Imperial forces
22 December 1636	Ferdind Elected King of the Romans The future Ferdinand III is elected King of the Romans, heir apparent to the Imperial throne
8 August 1638	Battle of Wittenweier Bernard of Saxe-Weimar defeats the Imperial forces at Wittenweier
18 August 1638	Breisach Besieged Bernard of Saxe-Weimar besieges the Imperial forces at Breisach
17 December 1638	Breisach Falls The Imperials surrender Breisach to Bernard of Saxe-Weimar
14 April 1639	Battle of Chemnitz The Swedes defeat the Imperial army at Chemnitz, Saxony
11 July 1639	Saxe-Weimar Dies Bernard of Saxe-Weimar dies of plague
9 October 1639	Louis XIII Buys Bernardines The former troops of the late Bernard of Saxe-Weimar enter the French service
3 February 1640	Electoral Diet in Nuremberg The Electors convene at Nuremberg to discuss pacification of the Empire
13 September 1640	Regensburg Diet Opens The Electoral Meeting opens at Regensburg
20 May 1641	Baner Dies Swedish commander-in-chief Baner dies of natural causes
30 June 1641	Treaty of Hamburg The French and Swedes enter into the Treaty of Hamburg confirming their alliance for the duration of the war
2 November 1642	Second Breitenfeld The Swedish army annihilates Imperial forces at the second battle of Breitenfeld.
4 December 1642	Richelieu Dies Cardinal Richelieu dies of natural causes
14 May 1643	Louis XIII Dies King Louis XIII of France dies, succeeded by his minor son Louis XIV
19 May 1643	Battle of Rocroi The French Army inflicts a crushing defeat on the Spanish at Rocroi
2 September 1643	Swedes March Toward Denmark The Swedish army leaves Bohemia to march toward the Danes
19 November 1643	French Take Rottweil The advancing French army takes the city of Rottweil
24 November 1643	de Guebriant Dies French general de Guebriant dies of wounds received taking Rottweil
24 November 1643	Battle of Tuttlingen Bavarian forces surprise and destroy the French army
2 December 1643	Rottweil Retaken The Bavarians retake Rottweil from the defeated French
22 December 1643	Swedes Invade Jutland The Swedish army invades the Danish Jutland penninsula
15 April 1644	Bavarians Advance The Bavarian army advances across the Black Forest toward the French
11 May 1644	Mercy Takes Uberlingen The Catholic League under Mercy takes the city of Uberlingen
20 June 1644	Hohentweil Siege Lifted Bavarian General Mercy lifts his siege of the fortress Hohentweil
26 June 1644	Mercy Before Freiburg Bavarian General Mercy appears before French-held Freiburg
11 July 1644	Treaty of Hamburg Ratified The Emperor ratifies the Preliminary Treaty of Hamburg setting up the Westphalian peace negotiations
28 July 1644	Mercy Takes Freiburg Bavarian General Mercy takes French-held Freiburg
3 August 1644	Conde Attacks Conde sends his troops against the entrenched Bavarians before Freiburg-im-Breisgau
5 August 1644	Conde Attacks Again Conde again sends his troops against the entrenched Bavarians before Freiburg-im-Breisgau
5 May 1645	Battle of Mergentheim Turrenne and the French army defeated by the Bavarians at Mergentheim
11 June 1645	Franco-Swedish Demands The French and Swedish ambassadors to the Westphalian negotiations issue their initial demands
3 August 1645	Second Battle of Nordlingen Franco-Hessian forces meet and defeat the Bavarian army near Nordlingen
8 August 1645	Peace for Emperor and Transylvania Under the impetus of the Sultan, the Transylvanians make peace with the Habsburgs again
31 August 1645	Truce of Kotzschenbrode The Swedes grant the Saxons of a six-month truce
25 September 1645	Emperor Rejects Religious Concessions At the Westphalian negoations, Imperial ambassadors rejects the Swedish proposals on religious issues
29 November 1645	Trautsmandorff Arrives in Westphalia Imperial ambassador Trautsmandorff arrives at the Westphalian peace talks
7 January 1646	Swedish Land Demands At the Westphalian peace negotiations, the Swedish ambassadors put forth proposals for territorial indemnification of Sweden
11 January 1646	French Land Demands At the Westphalian peace negotiations, the French ambassadors put forth proposals for territorial indemnification of France
6 March 1646	Battle of Jankau Torstensson and the Swedes defeat the Imperial forces at Jankau
14 April 1646	Peace of Eilenberg Saxony and the Swedes enter into a final armistice, neutralizing Saxony for the rest of the war
10 August 1646	Turenne and Wrangel Join The French and Swedish armies join forces
14 August 1646	The Franco-Swedish Advance The joint French and Swedish force turns the Imperial flank and advance toward Bavaria
31 August 1646	Phillipsburg Conceded At the Westphalian negotiations, the Habsburgs concede Phillipsburg to the French
4 September 1646	Imperials Pursue The Imperial army sets off in pursuit the French in an attempt to protect Bavaria
13 September 1646	Preliminary Franco-Imperial Treaty At the Westphalian negotiations, Imperial ambassadors rejects the Swedish proposals on religious issues
15 March 1647	The Treaty of Ulm Bavaria makes peace with France and Sweden
25 August 1647	Ambush at Triebel Werth ambushes the advancing Swedes at Triebel
30 January 1648	Hispano-Dutch Peace The Spanish and Dutch make peace under the Treaty of Munster, ending eighty years of war
17 May 1648	Battle of Zusmarhausen The French inflict a crushing defeat on the Imperials, whose general Melander is killed in the battle
26 July 1648	Prague Besieged The Swedish Army besieges Prague
24 October 1648	Peace of Westphalia Proclaimed The treaties of Osbruck and Munster are proclaimed, ending the war